Retraction policies of high-impact biomedical journals     

Michel C. Atlas 《Journal of the Medical Library Association》2004,92(2):242-250

Purpose: The purpose is to review the issue of retraction in the scientific literature and to examine the policies on retraction of major biomedical journals.Method: The historical background of this issue was investigated through a literature search. The Instructions to Authors of 122 major biomedical journals were reviewed for evidence of a policy on the retraction of articles. Editors of those journals with no mention of retraction in their Instructions to Authors were contacted by email and/or postal mail.Results: Sixty-two percent of the journals investigated did not post or report having a policy on issuing retractions. Only twenty-one (18%) did. The remainder did not post any policy and did not respond to inquiries.Discussion: Including policies in Instructions to Authors relating to the principled conduct of research and publication will improve the ethical environment in which the scientific community works.  相似文献   

Changes in the digital divide: a case from Belgium     

Michel Vandenbroeck  Griet Verschelden  Tom Boonaert  Liesbeth Van Haute 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2007,38(4):742-743

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Does a resistance exercise session with continuous or intermittent blood flow restriction promote muscle damage and increase oxidative stress?     

Gabriel R. Neto  Jefferson S. Novaes  Verônica P. Salerno  Michel M. Gonçalves  Gilmário R. Batista  Maria S. Cirilo-Sousa 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(1):104-110

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of low-load resistance exercise (LLRE) with continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction (BFR) on the creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), protein carbonyl (PC), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and uric acid (UA) levels in military men. The study included 10 recreationally trained men aged 19 ± 0.82 years who underwent the following experimental protocols in random order on separate days (72–96 h): 4 LLRE sessions at a 20% 1RM (one-repetition maximum [1RM]) with continuous BFR (LLRE + CBFR); 4 LLRE sessions at 20% 1RM with intermittent BFR (LLRE + IBFR) and 4 high-intensity resistance exercise (HIRE) sessions at 80% 1RM. The CK and LDH (markers of muscle damage) levels were measured before exercise (BE), 24 h post-exercise and 48 h post-exercise, and the PC, TBARS and UA (markers of oxidative stress) levels were measured BE and immediately after each exercise session. There was a significant increase in CK in the HIRE 24 post-exercise samples compared with the LLRE + CBFR and LLRE + IBFR (P = 0.035, P = 0.036, respectively), as well as between HIRE 48 post-exercise and LLRE + CBFR (P = 0.049). Additionally, there was a significant increase in CK in the LLRE + CBFR samples BE and immediately after each exercise (Δ = 21.9%) and in the HIRE samples BE and immediately after each exercise, BE and 24 post-exercise, and BE and 48 post-exercise (Δ values of 35%, 177.6%, and 177.6%, respectively). However, there were no significant changes in LDH, PC, TBARS, and UA between the protocols (P > 0.05). Therefore, a physical exercise session with continuous or intermittent BFR did not promote muscle damage; moreover, neither protocol seemed to affect the oxidative stress markers.  相似文献   

Variations of stroking parameters associated with 200 m competitive performance improvement in top-standard front crawl swimmers     

Huot-Marchand F  Nesi X  Sidney M  Alberty M  Pelayo P 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2005,4(1):89-99

The aim of this study was to analyse the variations of stroking parameters (speed, stroke length, stroke rate, and stroke index) associated with the 200 m front crawl competitive performance improvement. Two races completed by 17 top swimmers were analysed in the 200 m freestyle final of French or European championships, each final being separated by two years. All the swimmers' performances were bettered in the second race (mean +/- SD: 113.44 +/- 2.50 vs 111.78 +/- 2.71 s; p < 0.01) and were associated with a significant increase of stroke rate without variation of average stroke length and stroke index values (p > 0.05). Swimmers emphasized the first part of the race, with higher speed in the first three lengths, higher stroke rate in the first two lengths and lower stroke length in the first one. Stroke length and stroke rate variations were highly correlated (r = 0.98; p < 0.05). In 11 of the 17 swimmers, the improvement was concomitant with a decrease in stroke length and an increase in stroke rate. Only one swimmer's improvement was associated with a substantial increase in stroke length. These results highlighted that stroke length and stroke index cannot be considered as the only parameters linked to improvement in a 200 m crawl in adult swimmers competing at high standard. Moreover, an increase in stroke rate associated with a slight decrease in stroke length should not be considered as ineffective, especially at top standard.  相似文献   

A descriptive analysis of elite-level racquetball     

A W Salmoni  K Sidney  R Michel  J Hiser  K Langlotz 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》1991,62(1):109-114

The results of the three experiments provide insight into the time/motion characteristics of racquetball and the physiological responses of elite-level racquetball players during competition. The maximum oxygen uptakes of the male and female athletes tested were relatively low in comparison to those of other elite-level sports, suggesting that aerobic demand, although necessary, is probably not a limiting factor at this level of racquetball play. Racquetball games at the elite level last from 10 to 15 min, and the distance covered by each player during this time is minimal. Even though the rest periods between rallies are from one to two times as long as the work intervals, the work intensity during the rallies is sufficient to produce an average heart rate of between 75 and 95% of maximum throughout most of a game. Although some lactic acid accumulates in the blood, the concentration remains at a steady state during a game (10 to 30% of maximum).  相似文献   

Outcasts of the Year 2000—a challenge to education in Europe     

Michel Debeauvais 《比较教育学》1992,28(1):61-69

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Children's implicit learning of graphotactic and morphological regularities     

Pacton S  Fayol M  Perruchet P 《Child development》2005,76(2):324-339

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Policy and Partnerships for the Development of the Infoculture — Information at the Centre of a New Form of Solidarity     

Jean Michel 《International Information and Library Review》1997,29(3-4)

The development of digital technologies for the production, processing, dissemination and use of information is leading to the emergence of a new society based on a far reaching transformation in the relationship between people and institutions and on a radical change in many professional, economic, educational or cultural practices. The crucial question facing us today is whether our traditional societies are ready for such a shift in ways of thinking, communicating and acting. Are people sufficiently aware and adequately equipped to become citizens of this new information society? Are they prepared to be active, efficient and responsible participants in the new communities living on information exchange? Are we really ready to be part of a new culture based on a swifter and broader flow of information, ideas and knowledge? The development of that special culture, or infoculture, depends first and foremost on education, both general and vocational, and on initial and continuing training as well as on raising awareness among the public at large. Achieving a real infoculture calls for full-scale mobilization of all those who in their various ways are involved in the information society. Partnerships must be encouraged; national, regional or world projects must be given support; there is more than ever a need for a new form of solidarity to develop the infoculture.  相似文献   

Problems of costs and opportunities     

Michel Debeauvais 《Prospects》1973,3(3):307-316

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Closing address     

Michel d'Ornano 《European Journal of Engineering Education》1981,6(1-2):48-55

Now that the present international Conference is about to end, I wish to express my heartiest congratulations to the European Society for Engineering Education for organizing their work so remarkably well. I also wish to express my thanks for having been invited to wind up your discussions. You made an excellent choice of theme when you decided to study an engineer's training in an economic and social context. How could one, in fact, remain indifferent to the profound scientific and technical changes that have, during these last decades, affected the whole world? How could one be insensitive to the prodigious technological evolution that will, to be sure, upset our way of life in the next few years? But also, how can we not realize that the transformations that have forged contemporary civilization are essentially due to the engineer's work, thanks to whom the fruits of scientific progress have been mastered to an extraordinary degree.  相似文献